群速度と波束の崩壊/メモ のバックアップ(No.2)

最小波束の時間発展 †

　&math( \psi(x,t)&=\int_{-\infty}^{\infty}\varphi(k)\frac{1}{\sqrt{2\pi}}e^{ikx}e^{-i\omega_kt}dk\\ &=\sqrt{\frac{\sigma_{x0}}{\pi\sqrt{2\pi}}}\int_{-\infty}^{\infty}e^{-4\sigma_{x0}^2(k-k_0)^2/4+ikx-i\hbar k^2t/2m}dk\\ );

指数部を整理すると、

　&math( &-\sigma_{x0}^2(k-k_0)^2+ikx-i\hbar k^2t/2m\\ &=-\sigma_{x0}^2(1+i\underbrace{\hbar t/2m\sigma_{x0}^2}_{\xi t})k^2+\sigma_{x0}^2\{ix/\sigma_{x0}^2+2k_0\}k-\sigma_{x0}^2k_0^2\\ &=-\sigma_{x0}^2\left[\sqrt{1+i\xi t}\ k-\frac{ix/\sigma_{x0}^2+2k_0}{2\sqrt{1+i\xi t}}\right]^2+ \frac{\sigma_{x0}^2\{ix/\sigma_{x0}^2+2k_0\}^2}{4(1+i\xi t)}-\sigma_{x0}^2k_0^2\\ );

２項目以降は、

　&math( &\frac{\sigma_{x0}^2\{ix/2\sigma_{x0}^2+k_0\}^2}{1+i\xi t}-\sigma_{x0}^2k_0^2\\ &=\frac{-x^2/4\sigma_{x0}^2+ik_0x+\sigma_{x0}^2k_0^2}{1+i\xi t}-\sigma_{x0}^2k_0^2\\ &=\frac{-x^2/4\sigma_{x0}^2+ik_0x-i\overbrace{\sigma_{x0}^2k_0^2\xi}^{\omega_{k0}} t}{1+i\xi t}\\ &=\frac{-x^2/4\sigma_{x0}^2+i(k_0x-\omega_{k0} t)}{1+i\xi t}\\ );

であるから、

　&math( \psi(x,t)&=\sqrt{\frac{\sigma_{x0}}{\pi\sqrt{2\pi}}} \frac{\exp\left[\frac{-x^2/4\sigma_{x0}^2+i(k_0x-\omega_{k0} t)}{1+i\xi t}\right]}{\sigma_{x0}\sqrt{1+i\xi t}} \underbrace{\int_{-\infty}^{\infty}e^{-\sigma_{x0}^2\left[\sqrt{1+i\xi t}\ k-\frac{ix/\sigma_{x0}^2+2k_0}{2\sqrt{1+i\xi t}}\right]^2}\left(\sigma_{x0}\sqrt{1+i\xi t}\ dk\right)}_{\sqrt{\pi}}\\ &=\sqrt{\frac{1}{\sqrt{2\pi}\sigma_{x0}(1+i\xi t)}}\exp\left[\frac{-x^2/4\sigma_{x0}^2+i(k_0x-\omega_{k0} t)}{1+i\xi t}\right]\\ );

ただし、 、

このとき、

　&math( |\psi(x,t)|^2&=\frac{1}{\sqrt{2\pi}\sigma_{x0}\sqrt{(1-i\xi t)(1+i\xi t)}} \exp\left[\frac{-x^2/4\sigma_{x0}^2-i(k_0x-\omega_{k0} t)}{1-i\xi t}\right] \exp\left[\frac{-x^2/4\sigma_{x0}^2+i(k_0x-\omega_{k0} t)}{1+i\xi t}\right]\\ &=\frac{1}{\sqrt{2\pi}\sigma_{x0}\sqrt{1+\xi^2 t^2}} \exp\left[\frac{-x^2/2\sigma_{x0}^2+2(k_0x-\omega_{k0}t)\xi t}{1+\xi^2t^2}\right]\\ &=\frac{1}{\sqrt{2\pi}\sigma_{x0}\sqrt{1+\xi^2 t^2}} \exp\left[\frac{-x^2/2\sigma_{x0}^2+2(k_0x-\hbar k_0^2 t/2m)\hbar t/2m\sigma_{x0}^2}{1+\xi^2t^2}\right]\\ &=\frac{1}{\sqrt{2\pi}\sigma_{x0}\sqrt{1+\xi^2 t^2}} \exp\left[\frac{-x^2+(2x-\hbar k_0 t/m)\hbar k_0 t/m}{2\sigma_{x0}^2(1+\xi^2t^2)}\right]\\ &=\frac{1}{\sqrt{2\pi}\sigma_{x0}\sqrt{1+\xi^2 t^2}} \exp\left[\frac{-\{x-(\hbar k_0/m) t\}^2}{2\sigma_{x0}^2(1+\xi^2t^2)}\right]\\ );