球座標における微分演算子/メモ の履歴(No.1)
更新演習:偏微分の計算†
解答†
(1)
より、 などが得られて、
&math( \begin{cases} \displaystyle\frac{\PD r}{\PD x}=\frac{x}{r}=\sin\theta\cos\phi\\[4mm] \displaystyle\frac{\PD r}{\PD y}=\frac{y}{r}=\sin\theta\sin\phi\\[4mm] \displaystyle\frac{\PD r}{\PD z}=\frac{z}{r}=\cos\theta\\ \end{cases} );
(2)
より、
、 、 、
&math( \begin{cases} \displaystyle\frac{\PD \theta}{\PD x}=\frac{r\sin\theta\cos\phi}{r^2\cos^2\theta}\frac{\cos^2\theta}{\tan\theta}=\frac{1}{r}\cos\theta\cos\phi\\[4mm] \displaystyle\frac{\PD \theta}{\PD y}=\frac{r\sin\theta\sin\phi}{r^2\cos^2\theta}\frac{\cos^2\theta}{\tan\theta}=\frac{1}{r}\cos\theta\sin\phi\\[4mm] \displaystyle\frac{\PD \theta}{\PD z}=-\frac{r^2\sin^2\theta}{r^3\cos^3\theta}\frac{\cos^2\theta}{\tan\theta}=-\frac{1}{r}\sin\theta \end{cases} );
(3)
より、
、 、 であるから、
&math( \begin{cases} \displaystyle\frac{\PD \phi}{\PD x}=-\frac{r\sin\theta\sin\phi}{r^2\sin^2\theta\cos^2\phi}\cos^2\phi=-\frac{\sin\phi}{r\sin\theta}\\[4mm] \displaystyle\frac{\PD \phi}{\PD y}=\frac{1}{r\sin\theta\cos\phi}\cos^2\phi=\frac{\cos\phi}{r\sin\theta}\\[4mm] \displaystyle\frac{\PD \phi}{\PD z}=0 \end{cases} );
球座標表示のラプラシアン†
&math( \frac{\PD^2}{\PD x^2} &=\Big(\sin\theta\cos\phi \frac{\PD}{\PD r}
- \frac{1}{r}\cos\theta\cos\phi \frac{\PD}{\PD \theta}
- \frac{\sin\phi}{r\sin\theta} \frac{\PD}{\PD \phi}\Big)^2\\
&=\sin\theta\cos\phi \frac{\PD}{\PD r}\Big(\sin\theta\cos\phi \frac{\PD}{\PD r}
- \frac{1}{r}\cos\theta\cos\phi \frac{\PD}{\PD \theta}
- \frac{\sin\phi}{r\sin\theta} \frac{\PD}{\PD \phi}\Big)\\ &\ \ \ +\frac{1}{r}\cos\theta\cos\phi \frac{\PD}{\PD \theta} \Big(\sin\theta\cos\phi \frac{\PD}{\PD r}
- \frac{1}{r}\cos\theta\cos\phi \frac{\PD}{\PD \theta}
- \frac{\sin\phi}{r\sin\theta} \frac{\PD}{\PD \phi}\Big)\\ &\ \ \ -\frac{\sin\phi}{r\sin\theta} \frac{\PD}{\PD \phi} \Big(\sin\theta\cos\phi \frac{\PD}{\PD r}
- \frac{1}{r}\cos\theta\cos\phi \frac{\PD}{\PD \theta}
- \frac{\sin\phi}{r\sin\theta} \frac{\PD}{\PD \phi}\Big)\\
&=\sin^2\theta\cos^2\phi \frac{\PD^2}{\PD r^2}
- \frac{\sin\theta\cos\theta\cos^2\phi}{r^2} \frac{\PD}{\PD \theta}
- \frac{\sin\theta\cos\theta\cos^2\phi}{r} \frac{\PD}{\PD r}\frac{\PD}{\PD \theta}
- \frac{\sin\phi\cos\phi}{r^2} \frac{\PD}{\PD \phi}
- \frac{\sin\phi\cos\phi}{r} \frac{\PD}{\PD r}\frac{\PD}{\PD \phi}\\ &\ \ \
- \frac{\cos^2\theta\cos^2\phi}{r} \frac{\PD}{\PD r}
- \frac{\sin\theta\cos\theta\cos^2\phi}{r} \frac{\PD}{\PD r}\frac{\PD}{\PD \theta}
- \frac{-\sin\theta\cos\theta\cos^2\phi}{r^2}\frac{\PD}{\PD \theta}
- \frac{\cos^2\theta\cos^2\phi}{r^2} \frac{\PD^2}{\PD \theta^2}\\ &\hspace{9cm}+\frac{\cos^2\theta\sin\phi\cos\phi}{r^2\sin^2\theta} \frac{\PD}{\PD \phi}
- \frac{\cos\theta\sin\phi\cos\phi}{r^2\sin\theta} \frac{\PD}{\PD \theta}\frac{\PD}{\PD \phi} \\ &\ \ \
- \frac{\sin^2\phi}{r} \frac{\PD}{\PD r}
- \frac{\sin\phi\cos\phi}{r} \frac{\PD}{\PD r}\frac{\PD}{\PD \phi}
- \frac{\cos\theta\sin^2\phi}{r^2\sin\theta} \frac{\PD}{\PD \theta}
- \frac{\cos\theta\sin\phi\cos\phi}{r^2\sin\theta} \frac{\PD}{\PD \theta}\frac{\PD}{\PD \phi}
- \frac{\sin\phi\cos\phi}{r^2\sin^2\theta} \frac{\PD}{\PD \phi}
- \frac{\sin^2\phi}{r^2\sin^2\theta} \frac{\PD^2}{\PD \phi^2}\\
&=\sin^2\theta\cos^2\phi \frac{\PD^2}{\PD r^2}
- \frac{\sin\theta\cos\theta\cos^2\phi}{r^2} \frac{\PD}{\PD \theta}
- \frac{2\sin\theta\cos\theta\cos^2\phi}{r} \frac{\PD}{\PD r}\frac{\PD}{\PD \theta}
- \frac{\sin\phi\cos\phi}{r^2} \frac{\PD}{\PD \phi}
- \frac{2\sin\phi\cos\phi}{r} \frac{\PD}{\PD r}\frac{\PD}{\PD \phi}\\ &\ \ \
- \frac{\cos^2\theta\cos^2\phi}{r} \frac{\PD}{\PD r}
- \frac{-\sin\theta\cos\theta\cos^2\phi}{r^2}\frac{\PD}{\PD \theta}
- \frac{\cos^2\theta\cos^2\phi}{r^2} \frac{\PD^2}{\PD \theta^2}
- \frac{\cos^2\theta\sin\phi\cos\phi}{r^2\sin^2\theta} \frac{\PD}{\PD \phi}\\ &\ \ \
- \frac{2\cos\theta\sin\phi\cos\phi}{r^2\sin\theta} \frac{\PD}{\PD \theta}\frac{\PD}{\PD \phi}
- \frac{\sin^2\phi}{r} \frac{\PD}{\PD r}
- \frac{\cos\theta\sin^2\phi}{r^2\sin\theta} \frac{\PD}{\PD \theta}
- \frac{\sin\phi\cos\phi}{r^2\sin^2\theta} \frac{\PD}{\PD \phi}
- \frac{\sin^2\phi}{r^2\sin^2\theta} \frac{\PD^2}{\PD \phi^2}\\ );
&math( \frac{\PD^2}{\PD y^2} &=\Big( \sin\theta\sin\phi \frac{\PD}{\PD r}
- \frac{1}{r}\cos\theta\sin\phi \frac{\PD}{\PD \theta}
- \frac{\cos\phi}{r\sin\theta} \frac{\PD}{\PD \phi} \Big)^2\\ &= \sin^2\theta\sin^2\phi \frac{\PD^2}{\PD r^2}
- \frac{\sin\theta\cos\theta\sin^2\phi}{r^2} \frac{\PD}{\PD \theta}
- \frac{2\sin\theta\cos\theta\sin^2\phi}{r} \frac{\PD}{\PD r}\frac{\PD}{\PD \theta}
- \frac{\sin\phi\cos\phi}{r^2} \frac{\PD}{\PD \phi}
- \frac{2\sin\phi\cos\phi}{r} \frac{\PD}{\PD r}\frac{\PD}{\PD \phi}\\ &\ \ \
- \frac{\cos^2\theta\sin^2\phi}{r} \frac{\PD}{\PD r}
- \frac{-\sin\theta\cos\theta\sin^2\phi}{r^2} \frac{\PD}{\PD \theta}
- \frac{\cos^2\theta\sin^2\phi}{r^2} \frac{\PD^2}{\PD \theta^2}
- \frac{\cos^2\theta\sin\phi\cos\phi}{r^2\sin^2\theta} \frac{\PD}{\PD \phi}
- \frac{2\cos\theta\sin\phi\cos\phi}{r^2\sin\theta} \frac{\PD}{\PD \theta}\frac{\PD}{\PD \phi}\\ &\ \ \
- \frac{\cos^2\phi}{r} \frac{\PD}{\PD r}
- \frac{\cos\theta\cos^2\phi}{r^2\sin\theta} \frac{\PD}{\PD \theta}
- \frac{-\sin\phi\cos\phi}{r^2\sin^2\theta} \frac{\PD}{\PD \phi}
- \frac{\cos^2\phi}{r^2\sin^2\theta} \frac{\PD^2}{\PD \phi^2} );
&math( \frac{\PD^2}{\PD z^2} &=\Big( \cos\theta \frac{\PD}{\PD r}
- \frac{1}{r}\sin\theta \frac{\PD}{\PD \theta} \Big)^2\\ &= \cos^2\theta \frac{\PD^2}{\PD r^2}
- \frac{\sin\theta\cos\theta}{r^2} \frac{\PD}{\PD \theta}
- \frac{2\sin\theta\cos\theta}{r} \frac{\PD}{\PD r}\frac{\PD}{\PD \theta} \\ &\ \ \
- \frac{\sin^2\theta}{r} \frac{\PD}{\PD r}
- \frac{\sin\theta\cos\theta}{r^2} \frac{\PD}{\PD \theta}
- \frac{\sin^2\theta}{r^2} \frac{\PD^2}{\PD \theta^2} );
足せばいい(本気?)。
&math( &\frac{\PD^2}{\PD x^2}+\frac{\PD^2}{\PD y^2}+\frac{\PD^2}{\PD z^2}\\ &= \sin^2\theta\cos^2\phi \frac{\PD^2}{\PD r^2}
- \frac{\sin\theta\cos\theta\cos^2\phi}{r^2} \frac{\PD}{\PD \theta}
- \frac{2\sin\theta\cos\theta\cos^2\phi}{r} \frac{\PD}{\PD r}\frac{\PD}{\PD \theta}
- \frac{\sin\phi\cos\phi}{r^2} \frac{\PD}{\PD \phi}
- \frac{2\sin\phi\cos\phi}{r} \frac{\PD}{\PD r}\frac{\PD}{\PD \phi}\\ &\ \ \
- \frac{\cos^2\theta\cos^2\phi}{r} \frac{\PD}{\PD r}
- \frac{-\sin\theta\cos\theta\cos^2\phi}{r^2}\frac{\PD}{\PD \theta}
- \frac{\cos^2\theta\cos^2\phi}{r^2} \frac{\PD^2}{\PD \theta^2}
- \frac{\cos^2\theta\sin\phi\cos\phi}{r^2\sin^2\theta} \frac{\PD}{\PD \phi}\\ &\ \ \
- \frac{2\cos\theta\sin\phi\cos\phi}{r^2\sin\theta} \frac{\PD}{\PD \theta}\frac{\PD}{\PD \phi}
- \frac{\sin^2\phi}{r} \frac{\PD}{\PD r}
- \frac{\cos\theta\sin^2\phi}{r^2\sin\theta} \frac{\PD}{\PD \theta}
- \frac{\sin\phi\cos\phi}{r^2\sin^2\theta} \frac{\PD}{\PD \phi}
- \frac{\sin^2\phi}{r^2\sin^2\theta} \frac{\PD^2}{\PD \phi^2}\\
&\ \ \
- \sin^2\theta\sin^2\phi \frac{\PD^2}{\PD r^2}
- \frac{\sin\theta\cos\theta\sin^2\phi}{r^2} \frac{\PD}{\PD \theta}
- \frac{2\sin\theta\cos\theta\sin^2\phi}{r} \frac{\PD}{\PD r}\frac{\PD}{\PD \theta}
- \frac{\sin\phi\cos\phi}{r^2} \frac{\PD}{\PD \phi}
- \frac{2\sin\phi\cos\phi}{r} \frac{\PD}{\PD r}\frac{\PD}{\PD \phi}\\ &\ \ \
- \frac{\cos^2\theta\sin^2\phi}{r} \frac{\PD}{\PD r}
- \frac{-\sin\theta\cos\theta\sin^2\phi}{r^2} \frac{\PD}{\PD \theta}
- \frac{\cos^2\theta\sin^2\phi}{r^2} \frac{\PD^2}{\PD \theta^2}
- \frac{\cos^2\theta\sin\phi\cos\phi}{r^2\sin^2\theta} \frac{\PD}{\PD \phi}
- \frac{2\cos\theta\sin\phi\cos\phi}{r^2\sin\theta} \frac{\PD}{\PD \theta}\frac{\PD}{\PD \phi}\\ &\ \ \
- \frac{\cos^2\phi}{r} \frac{\PD}{\PD r}
- \frac{\cos\theta\cos^2\phi}{r^2\sin\theta} \frac{\PD}{\PD \theta}
- \frac{-\sin\phi\cos\phi}{r^2\sin^2\theta} \frac{\PD}{\PD \phi}
- \frac{\cos^2\phi}{r^2\sin^2\theta} \frac{\PD^2}{\PD \phi^2}\\
&\ \ \
- \cos^2\theta \frac{\PD^2}{\PD r^2}
- \frac{\sin\theta\cos\theta}{r^2} \frac{\PD}{\PD \theta}
- \frac{2\sin\theta\cos\theta}{r} \frac{\PD}{\PD r}\frac{\PD}{\PD \theta} \\ &\ \ \
- \frac{\sin^2\theta}{r} \frac{\PD}{\PD r}-
- \frac{\sin\theta\cos\theta}{r^2} \frac{\PD}{\PD \theta}
- \frac{\sin^2\theta}{r^2} \frac{\PD^2}{\PD \theta^2}\\ ); &math( &= (\sin^2\theta\cos^2\phi+\sin^2\theta\sin^2\phi+\cos^2\theta)\frac{\PD^2}{\PD r^2} \\&\ \ \
- \Big(\frac{\cos^2\theta\cos^2\phi}{r}+\frac{\sin^2\phi}{r}+\frac{\cos^2\theta\sin^2\phi}{r}+\frac{\cos^2\phi}{r} +\frac{\sin^2\theta}{r}\Big) \frac{\PD}{\PD r} \\&\ \ \
- \Big(-\cancel{\frac{\sin\theta\cos\theta\cos^2\phi}{r^2}}+\cancel{\frac{-\sin\theta\cos\theta\cos^2\phi}{r^2}}+\frac{\cos\theta\sin^2\phi}{r^2\sin\theta}-\cancel{\frac{\sin\theta\cos\theta\sin^2\phi}{r^2}}\\ &\hspace{4cm}+\cancel{\frac{-\sin\theta\cos\theta\sin^2\phi}{r^2}}+\frac{\cos\theta\cos^2\phi}{r^2\sin\theta}
- \cancel{\frac{\sin\theta\cos\theta}{r^2}}+\cancel{\frac{\sin\theta\cos\theta}{r^2}}\Big) \frac{\PD}{\PD \theta} \\&\ \ \
- \Big(\frac{\cos^2\theta\cos^2\phi}{r^2}+\frac{\cos^2\theta\sin^2\phi}{r^2}+\frac{\sin^2\theta}{r^2}\Big) \frac{\PD^2}{\PD \theta^2} \\&\ \ \
- \Big(\cancel{\frac{\sin\phi\cos\phi}{r^2}}+\cancel{\frac{\cos^2\theta\sin\phi\cos\phi}{r^2\sin^2\theta}}+\cancel{\frac{\sin\phi\cos\phi}{r^2\sin^2\theta}}-\cancel{\frac{\sin\phi\cos\phi}{r^2}}-\cancel{\frac{\cos^2\theta\sin\phi\cos\phi}{r^2\sin^2\theta}}-\cancel{\frac{\sin\phi\cos\phi}{r^2\sin^2\theta}}\Big) \frac{\PD}{\PD \phi} \\&\ \ \
- \Big(\frac{\sin^2\phi}{r^2\sin^2\theta}+\frac{\cos^2\phi}{r^2\sin^2\theta}\Big) \frac{\PD^2}{\PD \phi^2} \\&\ \ \
- \Big(\cancel{\frac{2\sin\theta\cos\theta\cos^2\phi}{r}}+\cancel{\frac{2\sin\theta\cos\theta\sin^2\phi}{r}}-\cancel{\frac{2\sin\theta\cos\theta}{r}}\Big) \frac{\PD}{\PD r}\frac{\PD}{\PD \theta} \\&\ \ \
- \Big(-\cancel{\frac{2\sin\phi\cos\phi}{r}}+\cancel{\frac{2\sin\phi\cos\phi}{r}}\Big) \frac{\PD}{\PD r}\frac{\PD}{\PD \phi} \\&\ \ \
- \Big(-\cancel{\frac{2\cos\theta\sin\phi\cos\phi}{r^2\sin\theta}}+\cancel{\frac{2\cos\theta\sin\phi\cos\phi}{r^2\sin\theta}}\Big)\frac{\PD}{\PD \theta}\frac{\PD}{\PD \phi}\\
&= \frac{\PD^2}{\PD r^2}+\frac{2}{r} \frac{\PD}{\PD r}+\frac{\cos\theta}{r^2\sin\theta} \frac{\PD}{\PD \theta}
- \frac{1}{r^2}\frac{\PD^2}{\PD \theta^2}+\frac{1}{r^2\sin^2\theta} \frac{\PD^2}{\PD \phi^2} \\ &= \frac{\PD^2}{\PD r^2}+\frac{2}{r} \frac{\PD}{\PD r}
- \frac{1}{r^2}\underbrace{\bigg[\frac{1}{\sin\theta} \frac{\PD}{\PD \theta} \Big(\sin\theta\frac{\PD}{\PD \theta}\Big)+\frac{1}{\sin^2\theta} \frac{\PD^2}{\PD \phi^2}\bigg]}_{=\,\Lambda} );
恐らくもっと簡単に求める方法もあるはず。
球座標の角運動量演算子†
&math( \hat l_x&=-i\hbar\Big(y\frac{\PD}{\PD z}-z\frac{\PD}{\PD y}\Big)\\ &=-i\hbar\bigg[r\sin\theta\sin\phi\Big(\cancel{\cos\theta \frac{\PD}{\PD r}}-\frac{1}{r}\sin\theta \frac{\PD}{\PD \theta}\Big)
- r\cos\theta\Big(\cancel{\sin\theta\sin\phi \frac{\PD}{\PD r}}
- \frac{1}{r}\cos\theta\sin\phi \frac{\PD}{\PD \theta}
- \frac{\cos\phi}{r\sin\theta} \frac{\PD}{\PD \phi}\Big)\bigg]\\ &=i\hbar\Big(\sin\phi\frac{\PD}{\PD\theta}+\frac{\cos\phi}{\tan\theta}\frac{\PD}{\PD\phi}\Big) );
&math( \hat l_y&=-i\hbar\Big(z\frac{\PD}{\PD x}-x\frac{\PD}{\PD z}\Big)\\ &=-i\hbar\bigg[r\cos\theta\Big(\cancel{\sin\theta\cos\phi \frac{\PD}{\PD r}}
- \frac{1}{r}\cos\theta\cos\phi \frac{\PD}{\PD \theta}
- \frac{\sin\phi}{r\sin\theta} \frac{\PD}{\PD \phi}\Big)
- r\sin\theta\cos\phi\Big(\cancel{\cos\theta \frac{\PD}{\PD r}}
- \frac{1}{r}\sin\theta \frac{\PD}{\PD \theta}\Big)\bigg]\\ &=i\hbar\Big(-\cos\phi\frac{\PD}{\PD\theta}+\frac{\sin\phi}{\tan\theta}\frac{\PD}{\PD\phi}\Big) );
&math( \hat l_z&=-i\hbar\Big(x\frac{\PD}{\PD y}-y\frac{\PD}{\PD x}\Big)\\ &=-i\hbar\bigg[r\sin\theta\cos\phi\Big(\cancel{\sin\theta\sin\phi \frac{\PD}{\PD r}}
- \cancel{\frac{1}{r}\cos\theta\sin\phi \frac{\PD}{\PD \theta}}
- \frac{\cos\phi}{r\sin\theta} \frac{\PD}{\PD \phi}\Big)\\ &\hspace{1cm}-r\sin\theta\sin\phi\Big(\cancel{\sin\theta\cos\phi \frac{\PD}{\PD r}}
- \cancel{\frac{1}{r}\cos\theta\cos\phi \frac{\PD}{\PD \theta}}
- \frac{\sin\phi}{r\sin\theta} \frac{\PD}{\PD \phi}\Big)\bigg]\\ &=-i\hbar\frac{\PD}{\PD\phi} );
&math( \hat{\bm l}^2&=\hat l_x^2+\hat l_y^2+\hat l_z^2\\ &=
- \hbar^2\Big(\sin\phi\frac{\PD}{\PD\theta}+\frac{\cos\phi}{\tan\theta}\frac{\PD}{\PD\phi}\Big)^2
- \hbar^2\Big(-\cos\phi\frac{\PD}{\PD\theta}+\frac{\sin\phi}{\tan\theta}\frac{\PD}{\PD\phi}\Big)^2
- \hbar^2\frac{\PD^2}{\PD\phi^2}\\ &=
- \hbar^2\Big( \sin^2\phi\frac{\PD^2}{\PD\theta^2}
- \cancel{\frac{\sin\phi\cos\phi}{\sin^2\theta}\frac{\PD}{\PD\phi}}
- \cancel{\frac{2\sin\phi\cos\phi}{\tan\theta}\frac{\PD}{\PD\theta}\frac{\PD}{\PD\phi}}
- \frac{\cos^2\phi}{\tan\theta}\frac{\PD}{\PD\theta}
- \cancel{\frac{-\sin\phi\cos\phi}{\tan^2\theta}\frac{\PD}{\PD\phi}}
- \frac{\cos^2\phi}{\tan^2\theta}\frac{\PD^2}{\PD\phi^2} \Big)\\ &\ \ \ -\hbar^2\Big( \cos^2\phi\frac{\PD^2}{\PD^2\theta}
- \cancel{\frac{\sin\phi\cos\phi}{\sin^2\theta}\frac{\PD}{\PD\phi}}
- \cancel{\frac{2\sin\phi\cos\phi}{\tan\theta}\frac{\PD}{\PD\theta}\frac{\PD}{\PD\phi}}
- \frac{\sin^2\phi}{\tan\theta}\frac{\PD}{\PD\theta}
- \cancel{\frac{\sin\phi\cos\phi}{\tan^2\theta}\frac{\PD}{\PD\phi}}
- \frac{\sin^2\phi}{\tan^2\theta}\frac{\PD^2}{\PD\phi^2} \Big)\\ &\ \ \ -\hbar^2\frac{\PD^2}{\PD\phi^2}\\ &=-\hbar^2\Big[\frac{\PD^2}{\PD\theta^2}+\frac{1}{\tan\theta}\frac{\PD}{\PD\theta}+\Big(\frac{1}{\tan^2\theta}+1\Big)\frac{\PD^2}{\PD\phi^2}\Big]\\ &=-\hbar^2\Big(\frac{\PD^2}{\PD\theta^2}+\frac{\cos\theta}{\sin\theta}\frac{\PD}{\PD\theta}+\frac{1}{\sin^2\theta}\frac{\PD^2}{\PD\phi^2}\Big)\\ &=-\hbar^2\Big[\frac{1}{\sin\theta}\frac{\PD}{\PD\theta}\Big(\sin\theta\frac{\PD}{\PD\theta}\Big)+\frac{1}{\sin^2\theta}\frac{\PD^2}{\PD\phi^2}\Big]\\ &=-\hbar^2\hat\Lambda );